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O  51 ?Congress and the Budget Process James V. Saturno May 16, 2007F@Z (MMM$MMMMMM+Making sense of it all(MMMlWhy is the budget process so complicated? Why authorizations and appropriations? Why the budget resolution? 4llV*4Composition of Federal Spending (FY2006 in billions),5Z (MMMMMMR),Budget Functions of Congressional Committees-Z-(MMM &"Appropriations Subcommittees(MMM!Agriculture, Rural Development Commerce, Justice, Science Defense Energy and Water Development Financial Services and General Government Homeland Security Interior, Environment Labor, HHS, Education Legislative Branch Military Construction, VA State, Foreign Operations Transportation, HUD" "&Budget Terminology(MMM2Authorization A statutory provision that establishes or continues a federal agency, activity, or program. It may establish policies and restrictions and deal with organizational and administrative matters. It may also, explicitly or implicitly, authorize congressional action to provide appropriations for an agency, activity, or program. Appropriation Legislative language that provides budget authority and permits a federal agency to incur obligations and make payments from the Treasury for specified purposes, usually during a specified period of time.pP2I0ZpP220UGJ&House Rule XXI(MMMJClause 2(a)  An appropriation may not be reported in a general appropriation bill, and may not be in order as an amendment thereto, for an expenditure not previously authorized by law Clause 2(b)  A provision changing existing law may not be reported in a general appropriation bill, including a provision making the availability of funds contingent on the receipt or possession of information required by existing law  `2 `2   K'Senate Rule XVI, cl. 4(MMMV On a point of order made by any Senator, no amendment offered by any other Senator which proposes general legislation shall be received to any general appropriation bill "`2D#Authorizing language(MMM There is hereby established & a Department of Agriculture, the general designs and duties of which shall be to acquire and to diffuse among the peoples of the United States useful information connected with agriculture in the most general and comprehensive sense of that word, and to procure, propagate, and distribute among the people new and valuable seeds and plants.  The Administration may carry out a program to competitively award cash prizes to stimulate innovation in basic and applied research, technology development, and prototype demonstration that have the potential for application to the performance of the space and aeronautical activities of the Administration. The Administration may carry out a program to award prizes only in conformity with this section. 6pP2F%Authorizing language(MMM There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to implement the purposes of this act  There are authorized to be appropriated to NASA for fiscal year 2007 $17,726,800,000, as follows: (1) For Science, Aeronautics and Education (including amounts for construction of facilities), $7,331,600,000 of which-- (A) $990,000,000 shall be for Aeronautics; and (B) $24,000,000 shall be for the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program. (2) For Exploration Systems (including amounts for construction of facilities), $4,514,000,000. (3) For Space Operations (including amounts for construction of facilities), $5,847,700,000. (4) For the Office of Inspector General, $33,500,000. 2l`2_0UX+Appropriation language 1892(MMMN DIVISION OF FORESTRY: Chief of division, two thousand dollars; one assistant chief of division, one thousand six hundred dollars; one clerk class two, one thousand four hundred dollars; one clerk class one, one thousand two hundred dollars; one clerk, at nine hundred dollars; one clerk, at seven hundred dollars; in all, seven thousand eight hundred and twenty dollars  ILLUSTRATIONS AND ENGRAVINGS, DIVISION OF ILLUSTRATIONS: Tools, instruments, paper, ink, pencils, paints and other necessary materials, printing proofs, two thousand dollars. "(`2(Z,Appropriation language 2006(MMM  Science, Aeronautics and Exploration -- For necessary expenses, not otherwise provided for, in the conduct and support of science, aeronautics and exploration research and development activities, including research, development, operations, support and services; maintenance; construction of facilities including repair, rehabilitation, revitalization, and modification of facilities, & environmental compliance and restoration; space flight, spacecraft control and communications activities including operations, production, and services; program management; personnel and related costs, including uniforms or allowances therefor, as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 5901-5902; & $9,761,400,000, to remain available until September 30, 2007, of which amounts as determined by the Administrator for salaries and benefits; training, travel and awards; facility and related costs; information technology services; science, engineering, fabricating and testing services; and other administrative services may be transferred to  Exploration Capabilities in accordance with section 312(b) of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, as amended by Public Law 106-377.$p_2r Budget Terminology(MMMDiscretionary spending Provided annually in appropriations acts Amounts are specified in appropriations acts Constitutes about 35% of federal spending Mandatory, direct, or entitlement spending Provided or effectively controlled by permanent law, requiring no annual action by Congress or the President Typically, amount is based on eligibility criteria and payment formula Constitutes about 55% of federal spendingpP2P+pP22P+The Budget Resolution(MMML Congressional budget plan; an agreement between House and Senate Concurrent resolution; does not require the President s signature and does not become law Center of the congressional budget process, providing framework and establishing priorities for subsequent budget-related legislation Spending and revenue totals, and allocations to committees are enforced through points of order Triggers the reconciliation process0PPPP/')*0 1 GINOTW Y!["b  0` fff33` 3KI3ff` 33ff` /p` 3%*3|` Jy3fff3f` 3ff3̙` 33ff33` DDyq3f` ̙3n` w3ff` }ff>?" dd@,?nKd@ P nA@F`d n?" dd@   @@``PR"   @ ` `2p>>L0 n f < (  < < 6 #" ``   Z*  < 6 #" `` `  \* T X < "X < Nd#" `P D0  < 6ld#" `U B0  < S "UY <  < c $ "YW <   < c $"YU <   < c $," <   < S #" `SV B0   < S h"Y <   < c $"X <  < < #" `  `  T Click to edit Master title style! !$ < 0" " `p  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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